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| Research progress and prospects of circulating tumor cells in
hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Chang-Can Li # , Hua-Yu Yang # , Yi-Lei Mao ∗ |
Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100730, China
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pumch-liver@hotmail.com (Y.-L. Mao) .
# Contributed equally. |
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Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1,2]. The main therapies for HCC include surgical resection, local ablation, or liver transplantation, which are only applied to early-stage HCC. However, most patients at the time of initial HCC diagnosis have already progressed to an advanced stage, and survival can only be prolonged finitely via palliative therapies, such as transarterial chemoembolization, systemic therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and selective internal radiation therapy [3,4]. Moreover, as HCC has a high recurrence rate, the treatment efficacy is not satisfactory [5]. Currently, the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC primarily depend on serum biomarker detection, pathological examination, and imaging analysis. Common serum markers display poor diagnostic performance, and imaging and pathological examinations have limitations in diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity [6,7]. Therefore, we urgently require better approaches for the diagnosis and monitoring of HCC.
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2022, Vol. 21 
