Author Affiliations: Department of Digestive System (Pezzilli R) and Department of Radiology (Calculli L), Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milano 20100, Italy (Melzi d’Eril G and Barassi A)

Corresponding Author: Raffaele Pezzilli, MD, Dipartimento di Apparato Digerente, Ospedale Sant’Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy (Tel/Fax: +39-051-214-4148; Email: raffaele.pezzilli@aosp.bo.it)

 

© 2016, Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. All rights reserved.

doi: 10.1016/S1499-3872(16)60076-0

Published online February 24, 2016.

 

 

Contributors: PR proposed the study. PR, CL, MDG and BA performed the research. PR wrote the first draft. PR, CL collected and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the design and interpretation of the study and to further drafts. PR is the guarantor.

Funding: None.

Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Department of Digestive System of Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna Italy and the examinations were routinely performed on these patients.

Competing interest: No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

 

 

BACKGROUND: Serum cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) provides additional information about mucinous cystic pancreatic neoplasm (MPN). This study was undertaken to assess both CA19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serum concentrations in consecutive patients affected by MPNs and other chronic benign and malignant pancreatic diseases. We also evaluated whether serum CA19-9 and CEA determinations provide additional information such as the presence of invasive carcinoma in MPN patients.

 

METHODS: Serum CA19-9 and CEA from 91 patients with pancreatic diseases were tested by commercially available kits at the time of diagnosis. The upper reference limit of serum CA19-9 was 37 U/mL and that of serum CEA was 3 ng/mL.

 

RESULTS: Thirty-five patients was diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis (CP), 32 with MPN, and 24 with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) confirmed histologically. Surgery was carried out in 5 CP patients, in 10 MPN patients (7 of them had severe dysplasia), and 9 PDAC patients. Serum CA19-9 activity was high in 12 (34.3%) CP patients, in 7 (21.9%) MPN patients, and in 12 (50.0%) PDAC patients (P=0.089). High serum CEA concentrations were noted in 6 (17.1%) CP patients, in 6 (18.8%) MPN patients, and in 12 (50.0%) PDAC patients (P=0.010). In the 7 MPN patients associated with histologically confirmed severe dysplasia, 3 (42.9%) patients had elevated serum activity of serum CA19-9, and 2 (28.6%) patients had high levels of CEA.

 

CONCLUSION: Serum determination of oncological markers is not useful in selecting MPN patients with malignant changes.

 

(Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016;15:553-557)

 

KEY WORDS: cancer antigen 19-9; carcinoembryonic antigen; cystic pancreatic neoplasms; chronic pancreatitis; pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; laboratory assessment

 

 

Mucinous cystic pancreatic neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by mucin production.^[1] The following types of cystic neoplasms account for approximately 90% of all cystic tumors of the pancreas: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) involving either the main pancreatic duct, branch duct or both (mixed IPMNs), mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), serous cystic neoplasms (SCNs) and pseudopapillary neoplasms. In fact, the MPNs requiring particular clinical consideration due to the possibility of malignant progression are IPMNs and MCNs.^[2] A previous history of diabetes, especially with insulin use, chronic pancreatitis (CP) and a family history of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are the risk factors for the development of IPMNs, and these findings suggest an overlap between certain risk factors for PDAC and IPMNs.^[3] In addition, no serum markers exist to differentiate pancreatic cystic lesions from CP and PDAC. Previously, we reported that IPMNs have serum vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) levels different from those in PDAC patients. However, we also found that serum VEGFR-2 cannot be routinely utilized to differentiate IPMNs from PDACs because the values are overlapped in the two groups of patients.^[4] Serum transforming growth factor-beta1 level was also found to be elevated in IPMNs patients and in PDAC patients, suggesting a high apoptotic activity in IPMNs and PDAC patients. But we found that the values of these markers are similar in IPMNs and PDAC patients.^[5] Determination of serum leptin level was also suggested to be able to differentiate benign from malignant pancreatic diseases.^[6] Others^[1] found that even if serum cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is not a marker of cystic pancreatic neoplasm, its determination provides additional information within the diagnostic work-up since a positive result is associated with the presence of an invasive carcinoma. We thus evaluated the behavior of serum CA19-9 in consecutive patients with pancreatic diseases, such as MPNs, CP and PDAC. In addition, serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was also determined in the three groups of patients. Moreover, whether serum CA19-9 and CEA determinations provide additional information about the presence of invasive carcinoma in MPN patients was also studied.

 

 

Ninety-one consecutive patients with pancreatic diseases (54 males, 37 females, mean age 61.6 years, range 28-88) were investigated (Table 1).

 

Serum CA19-9 and CEA levels were determined using commercially available kits in all patients at the time of diagnosis. Serum CA19-9 level was determined using an immunometric technique (VITROS CA19-9, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, High Wycombe, UK) with the detection limit of 1.4 U/mL, linearity 1.4-1000 U/mL, within-run coefficient of variation (CV) 0.8%-1.2%, and total imprecision CV 2.6%-3.4%. The upper reference limit of CA19-9 was 37 U/mL. CEA, a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 180 000 dalton was tested using an immunometric immunoassay technique (VITROS CEA, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics). The detection limit of this test was 0.31 ng/mL, linearity 0.31-400 ng/mL, within-run CV 1.5%-2.2%, and total imprecision CV 2.7%-3.9%. The upper reference limit of CEA was 3 ng/mL.

 

Descriptive data were expressed as absolute numbers, relative percentages, means and standard deviations. Serum CA19-9 and CEA levels were evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; they were not normally distributed in our population; thus, for continuous variables, a non-parametric test, the Mann-Whitney U test, was used to analyze the data. For categorical variables, Fisher’s exact test and the Chi-square test were used as appropriate. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

 

 

The 91 patients with pancreatic diseases were divided into three groups. Group 1 comprised 35 CP patients (26 males and 9 females) including 15 patients with calcifications, 1 patient with pseudocyst, 12 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and 12 patients with diabetes mellitus, of whom 13 patients were studied during a flare-up of the disease. Group 2 comprised 32 MPN patients (14 males and 18 females), in whom 2 patients had main duct IPMNs, 2 mixed type IPMNs, 2 MCNs, and 26 branch duct IPMNs. Pain was found in only one (3.1%) MPN patient. Diabetes was found in 3 (9.4%) MPN patients and jaundice in 2 (6.3%) MPN patients; surgery was performed in 10 (31.3%) of the 32 MPN patients, and 7 (21.9%) of them had severe dysplasia. Group 3 comprised 24 patients with histologically confirmed PDAC (14 males and 10 females). Pain occurred in 23 (95.8%) patients, diabetes mellitus in 11 (45.8%), jaundice in 17 (70.8%); and 9 (37.5%) patients underwent surgery. As expected, CP patients were mostly males whereas pain and jaundice were present in most PDAC patients; surgery was carried out mainly in MPN and PDAC patients.

 

The individual circulating levels of CA19-9 and CEA are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Both CP and MPN patients had similar serum levels of CA19-9 and CEA, whereas serum levels of the two markers in patients with CP and MPN were significantly lower than those of PDAC patients.

 

Jaundice, pain, diabetes and surgery are taken into consideration (Table 2). It was found that patients with jaundice had serum levels of CA19-9 and CEA significantly higher than those without jaundice, and patients with pain had serum CEA levels significantly higher than those without pain. When the groups were considered separately, the levels of serum CEA were significantly higher in MPN patients who underwent surgery as compared who did not and they were significantly lower in PDAC patients who underwent surgery than those in patients who did not undergo surgery.

 

Concerning the values of the two markers, serum CA19-9 activity was high in 12 (34.3%) CP patients, in 7 (21.9%) MPN patients, and in 12 (50.0%) PDAC patients (P=0.089). High serum CEA levels were present in 6 (17.1%) CP patients, in 6 (18.8%) patients with MPNs, and in 12 (50.0%) PDAC patients (P=0.010).

 

In the 7 MPN patients who underwent surgery and had histologically confirmed severe dysplasia, high levels of serum CA19-9 were seen in 3 (42.9%) patients and high levels of CEA in 2 (28.6%).

 

 

Measurement of CEA level in pancreatic juice is useful for differentiating MPNs from pancreatic non-mucinous cystic neoplasms.^[7] However, cyst fluid has a clinically suboptimal accurate level of CEA in differentiating MCNs from non-mucinous cystic neoplasms.^[8] In clinical practice, simple and non-invasive techniques are needed to differentiate benign from malignant changes of MPNs. Thus there are no specific serum markers for this purpose. Several serum substances used for this diagnosis are not available in clinical practice, including the determination of VEGFR-2^[4] and fucosylated complex-type glycans.^[9] Hence many researchers have utilized those markers of malignancy which are widely used such as the determination of CA19-9 and CEA.^[10-15] However, these studies are retrospective and based only on patients who underwent surgery, thus they have inclusion bias. In these studies, the sensitivity of CA19-9 in evaluating malignant cystic lesions varied greatly from 27.9% to 86.0% and the specificity also varied from 42.0% to 87.7%. The same figures are reported for CEA serum levels; the sensitivity varied from 11.5% to 14.0% and the specificity from 77.3% to 94.6%. We evaluated CA19-9 in an unselected consecutive series of patients with pancreatic diseases, such as MPNs, CP, and PDAC. The CEA levels were also determined in the three groups. Of course, the clinical data showed significant difference among the three groups because CP patients were younger than MPN and PDAC patients.^{[3, 16, 17]} Pain was present in the majority PDAC patients^[17] and to a lesser extent in MPN patients.^[18] Similarly, the majority of PDAC patients had diabetes mellitus and jaundice, and they underwent surgery more frequently than either CP patients or MPN patients. These are not enrollment biases but characteristics encountered in clinical practice.

 

In the present study, CP patients and MPN patients had similar serum levels of CA19-9 and CEA, which were significantly lower than those of PDAC patients who had jaundice, pain and diabetes or underwent surgery. Moreover, the serum levels of CA19-9 and CEA were significantly higher in patients with jaundice than those without jaundice, and the serum level of CEA was significantly higher in patients with pain than those in patients without pain. When these groups were considered separately, the serum levels of CEA were significantly higher in MPN patients who underwent surgery as compared who did not and they were significantly lower in PDAC patients who underwent surgery than those in patients who did not undergo surgery.

 

We also found that serum CA19-9 activities were high in 21.9% of MPN patients, in 34.3% of CP patients and in 50.0% of PDAC patients. These findings were similar to those reported previously by us and others.^{[11, 15, 19]} Why there were few PDAC patients with elevated CA19-9 level in our study is not clear.^[19] It is possible that the CA19-9 assay we used detects not only sialyl-Lewis X glycans but also other glycans.^[20]

 

High serum CEA levels were present in 18.8% of MPN patients, in 17.1% of CP patients and in 50.0% of PDAC patients. These findings are similar to those reported elsewhere.^[13]

 

In the 7 MPN patients who underwent surgery and had histologically confirmed severe dysplasia in our study, high levels of serum CA19-9 were observed in 42.9% of the patients, whereas high levels of CEA were found in 28.6% of the patients. This finding suggests that traditional serum oncological markers are not applicable in patients requiring surgery for malignant changes of MPNs. Our results support that CA19-9 determination is not recommended as a screening test for pancreatic neoplasms.^[21]

 

In conclusion, serum determination of traditional oncological markers such as CA19-9 and CEA does not provide any useful information for screening MPN patients with malignant changes.

 

 

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2 Falconi M, Crippa S, Chari S, Conlon K, Kim SW, Levy P, et al. Quality assessment of the guidelines on cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2015;15:463-469. PMID: 26100659

3 Capurso G, Boccia S, Salvia R, Del Chiaro M, Frulloni L, Arcidiacono PG, et al. Risk factors for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas: a multicentre case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1003-1009. PMID: 23458848

4 Pezzilli R, Fabbri D, Corsi MM, Imbrogno A, Barassi A, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Plasma concentrations of angiogenetic factors and angiogenetic inhibitors in patients with ductal pancreatic neoplasms. A pilot study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49:1047-1051. PMID: 21410412

5 Pezzilli R, Corsi MM, Barassi A, Morselli-Labate AM, Dogliotti G, Casadei R, et al. The role of inflammation in patients with intraductal mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas and in those with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res 2010;30: 3801-3805. PMID: 20944173

6 Pezzilli R, Barassi A, Corsi MM, Morselli-Labate AM, Campana D, Casadei R, et al. Serum leptin, but not adiponectin and receptor for advanced glycation end products, is able to distinguish autoimmune pancreatitis from both chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasms. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:93-99. PMID: 19883273

7 Brugge WR, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Centeno BA, Szydlo T, Regan S, et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1330-1336. PMID: 15131794

8 Gaddam S, Ge PS, Keach JW, Mullady D, Fukami N, Edmundowicz SA, et al. Suboptimal accuracy of carcinoembryonic antigen in differentiation of mucinous and nonmucinous pancreatic cysts: results of a large multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;82:1060-1069. PMID: 26077458

9 Akimoto Y, Nouso K, Kato H, Miyahara K, Dohi C, Morimoto Y, et al. Serum N-glycan profiles in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2015;15:432-438. PMID: 26052067

10 Jones NB, Hatzaras I, George N, Muscarella P, Ellison EC, Melvin WS, et al. Clinical factors predictive of malignant and premalignant cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: a single institution experience. HPB (Oxford) 2009;11:664-670. PMID: 20495634

11 Shin SH, Han DJ, Park KT, Kim YH, Park JB, Kim SC. Validating a simple scoring system to predict malignancy and invasiveness of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. World J Surg 2010;34:776-783. PMID: 20127242

12 Mimura T, Masuda A, Matsumoto I, Shiomi H, Yoshida S, Sugimoto M, et al. Predictors of malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:e224-229. PMID: 20453661

13 Fritz S, Hackert T, Hinz U, Hartwig W, Büchler MW, Werner J. Role of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen in distinguishing between benign and invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Br J Surg 2011;98:104-110. PMID: 20949535

14 Hirono S, Tani M, Kawai M, Okada K, Miyazawa M, Shimizu A, et al. The carcinoembryonic antigen level in pancreatic juice and mural nodule size are predictors of malignancy for branch duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Ann Surg 2012;255:517-522. PMID: 22301608

15 Kang MJ, Jang JY, Lee S, Park T, Lee SY, Kim SW. Clinicopathological meaning of size of main-duct dilatation in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of pancreas: proposal of a simplified morphological classification based on the investigation on the size of main pancreatic duct. World J Surg 2015;39:2006-2013. PMID: 25894399

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