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| Mechanisms and strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance in hepatobiliary malignancies |
| Jia Xiong a,b, Qing-Qing Wang a,b,∗ |
a Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
b The Key Laboratory for Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
∗Corresponding author at: Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
E-mail address: wqq@zju.edu.cn (Q.-Q. Wang) . |
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Abstract Unprecedented advances have been achieved in hepatobiliary cancer treatment with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, the efficacy of ICB in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies is still limited. Resistance to immunotherapies is often orchestrated by complicated tumor-host-microenvironment inter- actions but could also occur after initial efficacy, mostly when only partial responses are obtained. Clarifi- cation of cancer-resistance mechanisms will be beneficial to provide the rationale for the administration of personalized drugs. Here, we review the factors related to resistance to immune-targeted therapies in hepatobiliary malignancies and discuss the potential strategies for overcoming resistance and future directions of immunotherapy development.
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2022, Vol. 21 
