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| Severe liver injury and clinical characteristics of occupational exposure to 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide: A case series |
| Meng-Xiao Feng a , b , Hua Zou c , Yuan-Qiang Lu a , b , ∗ |
a Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
b Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
c Occupational Health and Radiation Protection Institute, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
∗Corresponding author at: Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
E-mail address: luyuanqiang@zju.edu.cn (Y.-Q. Lu) . |
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Abstract Background: The 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide is a key intermediate in the synthesis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. However, no literature currently exists on 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3- dimethylbenzamide poisoning in humans. This study aimed to reveal the health hazard of this chemical for humans and summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with occupational 2-amino-5-chloro- N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning.
Methods: This observational study included four patients with 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning from June 2022 to July 2022. The entire course of the incidents was described in detail. Blood 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide concentrations were detected by a mass spectrometer. Hema- toxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess liver injury, and immunofluorescence was used to evaluate hepatic mitophagy.
Results: The 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide powder (99% purity) entered the human body mainly via the skin and respiratory tract due to poor personal protective measures. The typical course of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning was divided into latency, rash, fever, organic damage, and recovery phases in accordance with the clinical evolution. Rash and fever may be the important premonitory symptoms for further organ injuries. The chemical was detected in the blood of all patients and caused multiple organ injuries, predominantly liver injury, including kidney, myocardium, and micro- circulation. Three patients recovered smoothly after comprehensive treatments, including artificial liver therapy, continuous renal replacement therapy, glucocorticoids, and other symptomatic and supportive treatments. One patient survived by liver transplantation. The postoperative pathological findings of the removed liver showed acute liver failure, and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the abundance of mitophagy in residual hepatocytes.
Conclusions: This study is the first to elaborate the clinical characteristics of patients with 2-amino- 5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning. The chemical enters the body through the respiratory tract and skin during industrial production. The 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide poisoning causes multiple-organ dysfunction with a predominance of liver injury. Liver transplantation may be an effective option for patients with severe liver failure. The mechanisms of liver injury induced by 2-amino-5-chloro- N,3-dimethylbenzamide might involve abnormal mitochondrial function and mitophagy.
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2024, Vol. 23 
