Risk factors and managements of hemorrhage associated with pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Xing Liang, Li-Gang Shi, Jun Hao, An-An Liu, Dan-Lei Chen, Xian-Gui Hu and Cheng-Hao Shao
Shanghai, China
Author Affiliations: Department of Pancreatic-biliary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China (Liang X, Shi LG, Liu AA, Chen DL and Shao CH); Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China (Hao J and Hu XG)
Corresponding Author: Cheng-Hao Shao, MD, Department of Pancreatic-biliary Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China (Tel: +86-21-81885613; Email: 13801938229@163.com)
Abstract：BACKGROUND: Post-pancreaticoduodenectomy pancreatic fistula associated hemorrhage (PPFH) is one of the leading lethal complications. Our study was to analyze the risk factors and managements of hemorrhage associated with pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy, and to evaluate treatment options.
METHOD: We analyzed 445 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and evaluated the relevance between clinical data and PPFH.
RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) was 27.42% (122/445), and the incidence of PPFH was 4.49% (20/445). Among the 20 patients with PPFH, 7 died and 13 were cured. Interventional angiographic therapy was performed for 10 patients and 5 were successfully treated. Relaparotomy was performed for 5 patients and 2 were successfully cured. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that several risk factors were related to PPFH: the nature of tumor (carcinoid/low-grade or high-grade malignancy), preoperative day 1 serum prealbumin, preoperative day 1 total bilirubin (TBIL), operative time, blood loss in the operation, operative method (vascular resection and revascularization), postoperative day 3 TBIL, biliary fistula, and the grade of POPF. The multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the nature of tumor and the grade of POPF were independently risk factors of PPFH. Receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that preoperative day 1 serum prealbumin level <173 mg/L and postoperative day 3 TBIL level ≥168 μmol/L were the risk factors of PPFH.
CONCLUSIONS: The risk of PPFH was found to be increased with high potential malignancy and high grade of POPF. Angiography-embolization is one of the major and effective therapies for PPFH. Extraluminal-intraluminal PPFH is more serious and needs more aggressive treatments.
2017, Vol. 16 
